Portugal

• Alvino — The Alvim surname also exists in mainland Portugal.
• Orange tree — Source of oranges superior to Madeiran ones.
• Thomson (Sir William) — Linked to Madeira by the 1874 telegraph cable.
• St John the Baptist (chapels) — Where the friars went in 1459.
• Frade (fish) — Where frade designates the basking shark.
• Woad (Isatis praecox) — Destination of woad formerly exported from Madeira.
• Artillery battery — Artillery detachments were sent from mainland Portugal to garrison Madeira before 1877.
• Bee (Apis mellifica) — Madeiran honey was sent to Portugal as a gift.
• Association for the Protection and Education of the Women of Funchal — Country whose educational development António da Costa promoted.
• Porto Santo (vegetation) — Mainland olives are compared favourably with Porto Santo's.
• Beresford (William Carr) — Destination of Beresford and half his forces on leaving Madeira in 1808.
• Canary Islands — Claimed possession of the Canaries.
• Língua cervina — Where the name refers to a different fern.
• Livestock farming — Source of the livestock brought by the first settlers.
• Oliveira (Dr António Rodrigues de) — His country of birth.
• Mona (Pseudotriacis microdon) — In Portugal the fish is called peixe carago.
• Cação (Galeus canis) — Mainland fishermen use the name cação for a different shark.
• Coot (Fulica atra) — Country where the bird has other vernacular names.
• Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia Caravella) — The variant name água-má is used on its coasts.
• Plague — Kingdom repeatedly afflicted by plague in former times.
• Forest regime — Mainland that imported Madeiran timber.
• Chapouto — Where the name chaputa is given to other species.
• Cherne (Polyprion cernium) — On its coasts the names cherne and cherna apply differently.
• Cherriola — A similar rig there is called barqueira de arame.
• Leitão (João) — Kingdom that fell under Spanish rule in 1580.
• Pine trees — Source of the best pine seed ordered in 1812.
• Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) — Source of imported seed for some varieties.
• Porto Santo (discovery and origin of the name) — The mother country of which Porto Santo is called the first-born daughter.
• Henry (Prince), the Navigator — Kingdom whose overseas expansion Henry initiated.
• Hay — Source of imported wheat straw for fodder.
• Timber — Kingdom to which Madeiran timber was exported for shipbuilding.
• Spanish émigrés — Country where many Spanish revolutionaries sought refuge.
• Nola (António da) — The destination of the return voyage, which Nola reached before Gomes.
• Unification of the currency — The mother country whose monetary system Madeira adopted.
• Skipjack tuna (Thynnus pelamys) — Destination of Madeiran tuna conserve exports.
• Heredia (family) — Country entered by the Duke of Alba's army in 1580.
• Lírio — Country of origin of Iris biflora.
• Escarpiada — Where escarpiada means a different bread.
• Sugar protectionism — Mainland market to which Madeiran sugar was exported under tax exemptions.
• Sercial — Its Esgana cão variety is said to be identical to Sercial.

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